Social StudiesStudents will examine how the ways of life of peoples in Canada are integral to Canadian culture and identity.
They will explore the geographic vastness of Canada and the relationships between the land, places and people. As they reflect upon the stories of diverse Aboriginal, French, British and immigrant experiences in Canada over time, students will develop a sense of place and an awareness of how these multiple stories contribute to students’ sense of citizenship and identity. |
COURSE LONG RANGE PLANS
September: Mapping Skills
October - January: Physical Geography
February – April: Histories and Stories of Ways of Life
May - June: Shaping an Identity
Current Events (on-going)
September: Mapping Skills
October - January: Physical Geography
February – April: Histories and Stories of Ways of Life
May - June: Shaping an Identity
Current Events (on-going)
Canadian Geography Games
Social Studies Vocabulary
A
Aboriginal The descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples have unique heritages, languages, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs. “Aboriginal” is also used in other parts of the world to refer to the first inhabitants of a given area.
absolute location: describes exactly where a place is using lines of latitude and longitude.
Acadian A Francophone citizen of Acadia
allegiance: loyalty to a nation or country.
alliance A union in which groups agree to trade and help each other resolve disputes
ally: someone who cooperates with and helps you in a debate, an argument, or a war.
ambassadors: people who are chosen to represent or speak for a group.
ancestors: the people in your family who come before you.
aquaculture: raising fish in protected areas until they are big enough to harvest for human consumption.
archaeologist: someone who studies the way people once lived by looking at their homes, tools, and clothing.
assembly line A production method used in factories whereby an incomplete product is placed on a conveyor belt and, as the product moves down the line, each worker does one task on it; by the end of the line, the product is complete
assimilation A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence
authentic Trustworthy and reliable; original, not a copy
B
baby boomer One of the huge number of children born in the years following the Second World War (1945 to about 1960)
barter The exchange of goods for other goods rather than for money
bastion: a word that means "stronghold"; protection often is provided by a natural rock formation.
bias A personal like or dislike of something or someone that is not necessarily based on fact
bicultural Built on two cultures
bilingual: able to understand, speak, and write two languages.
bilingualism A policy of recognizing two official languages
Bill of Rights A document created by the Métis Provisional Government and presented to the government of Canada that requested that Métis receive the rights enjoyed by other Canadians
bishop A high-ranking cleric; the head of the church in New France
bison: also called buffalo.
bodies of water: rivers, lakes, oceans.
bribery A way for politicians to influence voters by making promises or paying money
British North America: the term for the British colonies in North America after the United States became independent from Britain.
C
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms A legal document created in 1982 that lists the basic rights that belong to every Canadian citizen
Canadien: a Francophone born in New France.
Catholic school A school for Catholic students
cause Something that makes an event happen
cavalry: a group of soldiers or police who use horses.
Château Clique The Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Lower Canada who were also Executive or Legislative Council members
Chinook Jargon: the name given to a special language that was developed among the different First Nations people of the Cordillera region.
citizen A member of a society
Clan Mother The head of a Haudenosaunee longhouse
clan A small village of extended families who lived together, co-operated, and shared resources
climate: the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.
colonies: settlements that are under the control of another country, such as Britain or France.
combat: fighting against an enemy.
compromise A method of resolving a disagreement whereby everyone gives up a little to get an agreement they can all live with
Confederation: on July 1, 1867, Nova Scotia, new Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario came together to form the Dominion of Canada, when the British Parliament passed the British North America Act.
cordillera: a chain of mountains
coureurs des bois: a French term meaning "runners of the woods"
Creator: a word used by First Nations to refer to a Great Spirit.
D
deadlock A situation where no progress can be made
decision making by consensus A debate in which people discuss an issue until they can all agree on one outcome
delta: a broad,flat area of land formed where a river drains into a large body of water.
democracy A system of government in which the people of a nation are involved in decision making
demographics The characteristics of the people of a particular place
discrimination Unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice
diverse: made up of people from a variety of cultures, backgrounds, and beliefs.
diverse economy An economy with many types of industry
division of labour A production method that breaks work into small pieces; each worker specializes in only one step of the production process
droughts: long periods without rain or snow.
E
economics Financial considerations
economy The way in which people meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter
effect The result of an event, sometimes called a consequence
Elder A respected member of an Aboriginal community who uses Traditional Teachings, experience, and wisdom to help people in his or her community make good decisions
elevation: the height of land compared to sea level or ocean surface.
emigrant A person who leaves his or her homeland permanently
empire A network of colonies controlled by a single country
equator: the starting point for measuring lines of latitude.
ethnocentric A viewpoint that judges other global cultures and ideas according to personal values and standards; believing one’s own ethnic group is superior
F
factor: the HBC (Hudson Bay Company) employee in charge of the trading post.
fertile: soil rich with nutrients that plants need for good growth.
G
gales: fierce winds
Grand Derangement, le: the deportation of more than ten thousand Acadians by the British; also called "the Great Upheaval"
Great Depression, The: a time between 1929 and 1939 when thousands of Canadians lost their jobs and could not find new ones; most people had little money.
Great Migration, The: a time between 1815 and 1850 when 8 million immigrants, mostly from Britain, Scotland, and Ireland, came to the British colonies in Canada.
H
habitants: French settlers in New France who cleared and farmed the land.
heritage: what has been passed down to you from the past.
Highlands: a mountainous area in Scotland.
highway: a large road that connects towns and cities.
homestead: land that is owned by a settler.
hurricanes: large storms that form in the ocean.
I
identity: how we are shaped by the places we live, the languages we speak, the groups we belong to, where we came from, and how we see ourselves.
independent: the ability to make decisions and act for yourself; accepting responsibility for your actions.
industries: businesses that produce goods or services.
inquiry: an investigation to find answers to questions.
interpretation: what you think something means.
Inuktitut: the language of the Inuit
Iroquois Confederacy: six First Nations peoples make up this alliance; it is one of the world's oldest democratic societies.
irrigation: water supplied to dry land using pipes, ditches, or streams.
L
landforms: the different features of the land, such as mountains, hills, or plains
lines of latitude: imaginary lines that run east and west on a map or globe; the equator is the starting point for measuring these lines.
lines of longitude: imaginary lines that run north and south on a map or blobe; the prime meridian is the starting point for measuring these lines.
logo: a special sign that gives key information.
longhouses: long houses where several related Ouendat or Haudenosaunee families lived
M
magistrate A judge
manufacturing To make or process goods, especially in large quantities and by means of industrial machines
mercantilism An economic system that allowed an imperial country to become rich by selling the resources taken from its colonies
Metis People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry who identify themselves as Métis people. They are distinct from First Nations, Inuit and non- Aboriginal peoples. The Métis history and culture draws on diverse ancestral origins such as Scottish, Irish, French, Ojibway and Cree.
migration movement of people within a country
Multiculturalism government policy designed to promote cultural understanding and harmony in a society made up of people from varied cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds
municipal government Local government
N
natural resource A part of nature that people can use
natural world The land, water, mountains, forests, plants, wildlife, and climate
Ninety-Two Resolutions A widely supported document prepared by the Patriotes in 1834 calling for sweeping governmental reforms
Nor’Wester A North West Company employee
Numbered Treaties A group of 11 treaties signed by the Canadian government and various First Nations living between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains
O
official language The two languages the federal government must, by law, use to serve its citizens
Official Languages Act A law passed in 1969 that restates that French and English are Canada’s official languages at the federal level
old-age pension A social program that provides an income for elderly people
opinion A person’s thoughts or beliefs about something
oral culture A way of life in which language, teachings, and traditional stories are memorized and passed down orally from one generation to the next
P
pacifist A person opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes
Patriotes A group of Canadien radicals led by Louis-Joseph Papineau who wanted governmental reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837
pemmican Dried, shredded buffalo meat mixed with fat and berries
Pemmican Proclamation A government law created in 1814 that banned the Métis from exporting any meat, fish, or vegetables from the Red River settlement
persecuted Subjected to poor treatment because of one’s beliefs
personal identity A complex combination of characteristics that together describe a unique person
Perspective the generally shared pont of view of a group. It can reflect the outlook of people from a cultural group, faith, age category, economic group, and so on.
petroglyph A drawing on a rock recording events or information
pluralistic society A society made up of many different groups of people, each with its own unique identities, ideas, perspectives, and culture; the resulting society has a sense of respect for all cultures
point of view An individual’s personal viewpoint
points system A component of the immigration policy that rated each person who wanted to move to Canada; potential new Canadians received points for their education, skills, age, and wealth
policy A formal plan of action to achieve a specific goal
political persecution Treating a person cruelly because of his or her political beliefs
polling station Location where people vote in an election
population growth An increase in population
portage A path connecting two waterways; carrying boats or goods over land between waterways
primary source image An image of an event created by a witness
private school A school that is funded by parents or guardians through tuition fees
prospector A person who searches for precious metals
protective tariff A tax placed on a product crossing a border
Protestant school A school for Protestant students
Province The major political subdivision within Canada that shares power with the federal government
public health care A social program to provide for the public’s medical needs
public school A school for all students
pull factor A factor that influences people to migrate to a certain country
push factor A factor that pushes people to leave their homelands
Q
quarantine station A building or area where people suspected of carrying a contagious illness are kept so that they will not infect a population
R
Reciprocity Treaty A trade agreement between the United States and Canada by which natural resources could flow both ways across the border free of any import taxes
Red River cart A form of transportation invented by the Métis that hauled goods such as buffalo meat on land and water
The Reds English name for Les Rouges
referendum A public vote on an issue
Reformers A group of radicals in Upper Canada who wanted governmental reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837
refugee A person who flees to a country because he or she can no longer live in safety in his or her own country because of war, torture, famine, or persecution
religion A personal or institutionalized belief system
religious persecution Treating a person cruelly because of his or her religious beliefs
representation by population A system (also referred to as “rep by pop”) in which elected members all represent the same number of people; the greater the number of people, the more power a region has
representative democracy A form of government in which citizens elect people to make decisions for them; the representatives make laws that are in the best interest of the people
reserve A parcel of land that the government agreed to set aside for the exclusive use of a First Nation
residential schools Boarding schools where Aboriginal children were sent and forced to adopt English ways
residual powers In Canada, the legal power over things that no one knew about in 1867
responsible government In Canada, a government (cabinet) that must answer to elected representatives
revolution An event whereby a government is overthrown and replaced with another; a fundamental change in the world
Roman Catholic missionary A Roman Catholic priest who travels for the purpose of religious charity work and promotion of the religion
Les Rouges A group of radical Canadiens in the Canadian Assembly in the 1850s that wanted independence for Québec
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism A group of prominent Canadians appointed in the 1960s by the Canadian government to assess why Francophone and Anglophone Canada did not seem to be getting along; this group concluded that Canada was having a language crisis and that Canada also had to consider the multicultural nature of Canadian society
Rupert’s Land A vast territory named after Prince Rupert, the first head of the Hudson’s Bay Company, consisting of most of what is now Western and Northern Canada
S
secondary source image An image created from memory, imagination, or a pre-existing image
secret ballot A method used in elections whereby an individual citizen’s vote is kept confidential
seigneurial system A social system based on nobles (or seigneurs) who rented land to farmers (or habitants); the habitants had to give seigneurs a portion of their annual crop and pay other fees, and the seigneurs had to build a mill and a church on their land for the farmers
self-government A form of government in which a group is able to make the decisions that affect their lives directly
separate school A public school meant for a particular group, such as Catholic students
settlement pattern The way farms and human dwellings are arranged in a community or region
Seventh Report on Grievances A document prepared by Reformers led by William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada in 1834 requesting governmental reforms from the British
sovereign Self-governing and independent of external powers
Sovereign Council A government with three officials: a governor, an intendant, and a bishop, set up by King Louis XIV to govern the colony of New France
sovereignty Supreme governing authority
stereotype An overgeneralized portrayal of people from one group; stereotypes can reflect people’s prejudices
stockade A wooden barrier of upright posts
strike An organized work stoppage by unionized
employees who want to influence their employer
suburb A residential neighbourhood at a city’s outskirts
suffrage The right to vote
superficial characteristic A noticeable rather than meaningful feature
superpower A country that is more powerful than almost all other countries
T
technology Everything that we use to carry out our tasks; the tools we use and the way we use them
territory In Canada, a major political subdivision that does not have the powers of a province
Three Sisters Haudenosaunee name for corn, beans, and squash
Traditional Teaching A unique belief of the First Nations passed down orally from generation to generation that explains how the earth was created, how people came to exist, or the relationships among the plants, animals, land, people, and the spirit world
traitor One who betrays one’s country, a cause, or a trust
transcontinental railway A railway that extends across a continent
treaty A formal agreement between nations
turning point An event that causes a significant change
U
Underground Railroad A secret network that transported enslaved African American escapees to the British colonies where they could be free
unilingual Use of one language
union An organization that speaks for the workers who belong to it, the purpose of which is to improve the conditions under which people work
United Empire Loyalist An inhabitant of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution and fled to the British North American colonies after 1776
urbanization The process of people moving from the countryside to towns and cities, causing an area to become more urban
V
voyageur A Canadien or Métis employee of the North West Company who paddled back and forth from Montréal to the trading forts in the West
W
world view A way of looking at the world that reflects one’s core values
Y
York boat A boat used by the Métis to transport furs; it replaced the canoe as the main means of transportation on western rivers and lakes
Aboriginal The descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples have unique heritages, languages, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs. “Aboriginal” is also used in other parts of the world to refer to the first inhabitants of a given area.
absolute location: describes exactly where a place is using lines of latitude and longitude.
Acadian A Francophone citizen of Acadia
allegiance: loyalty to a nation or country.
alliance A union in which groups agree to trade and help each other resolve disputes
ally: someone who cooperates with and helps you in a debate, an argument, or a war.
ambassadors: people who are chosen to represent or speak for a group.
ancestors: the people in your family who come before you.
aquaculture: raising fish in protected areas until they are big enough to harvest for human consumption.
archaeologist: someone who studies the way people once lived by looking at their homes, tools, and clothing.
assembly line A production method used in factories whereby an incomplete product is placed on a conveyor belt and, as the product moves down the line, each worker does one task on it; by the end of the line, the product is complete
assimilation A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence
authentic Trustworthy and reliable; original, not a copy
B
baby boomer One of the huge number of children born in the years following the Second World War (1945 to about 1960)
barter The exchange of goods for other goods rather than for money
bastion: a word that means "stronghold"; protection often is provided by a natural rock formation.
bias A personal like or dislike of something or someone that is not necessarily based on fact
bicultural Built on two cultures
bilingual: able to understand, speak, and write two languages.
bilingualism A policy of recognizing two official languages
Bill of Rights A document created by the Métis Provisional Government and presented to the government of Canada that requested that Métis receive the rights enjoyed by other Canadians
bishop A high-ranking cleric; the head of the church in New France
bison: also called buffalo.
bodies of water: rivers, lakes, oceans.
bribery A way for politicians to influence voters by making promises or paying money
British North America: the term for the British colonies in North America after the United States became independent from Britain.
C
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms A legal document created in 1982 that lists the basic rights that belong to every Canadian citizen
Canadien: a Francophone born in New France.
Catholic school A school for Catholic students
cause Something that makes an event happen
cavalry: a group of soldiers or police who use horses.
Château Clique The Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Lower Canada who were also Executive or Legislative Council members
Chinook Jargon: the name given to a special language that was developed among the different First Nations people of the Cordillera region.
citizen A member of a society
Clan Mother The head of a Haudenosaunee longhouse
clan A small village of extended families who lived together, co-operated, and shared resources
climate: the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.
colonies: settlements that are under the control of another country, such as Britain or France.
combat: fighting against an enemy.
compromise A method of resolving a disagreement whereby everyone gives up a little to get an agreement they can all live with
Confederation: on July 1, 1867, Nova Scotia, new Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario came together to form the Dominion of Canada, when the British Parliament passed the British North America Act.
cordillera: a chain of mountains
coureurs des bois: a French term meaning "runners of the woods"
Creator: a word used by First Nations to refer to a Great Spirit.
D
deadlock A situation where no progress can be made
decision making by consensus A debate in which people discuss an issue until they can all agree on one outcome
delta: a broad,flat area of land formed where a river drains into a large body of water.
democracy A system of government in which the people of a nation are involved in decision making
demographics The characteristics of the people of a particular place
discrimination Unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice
diverse: made up of people from a variety of cultures, backgrounds, and beliefs.
diverse economy An economy with many types of industry
division of labour A production method that breaks work into small pieces; each worker specializes in only one step of the production process
droughts: long periods without rain or snow.
E
economics Financial considerations
economy The way in which people meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter
effect The result of an event, sometimes called a consequence
Elder A respected member of an Aboriginal community who uses Traditional Teachings, experience, and wisdom to help people in his or her community make good decisions
elevation: the height of land compared to sea level or ocean surface.
emigrant A person who leaves his or her homeland permanently
empire A network of colonies controlled by a single country
equator: the starting point for measuring lines of latitude.
ethnocentric A viewpoint that judges other global cultures and ideas according to personal values and standards; believing one’s own ethnic group is superior
F
factor: the HBC (Hudson Bay Company) employee in charge of the trading post.
fertile: soil rich with nutrients that plants need for good growth.
G
gales: fierce winds
Grand Derangement, le: the deportation of more than ten thousand Acadians by the British; also called "the Great Upheaval"
Great Depression, The: a time between 1929 and 1939 when thousands of Canadians lost their jobs and could not find new ones; most people had little money.
Great Migration, The: a time between 1815 and 1850 when 8 million immigrants, mostly from Britain, Scotland, and Ireland, came to the British colonies in Canada.
H
habitants: French settlers in New France who cleared and farmed the land.
heritage: what has been passed down to you from the past.
Highlands: a mountainous area in Scotland.
highway: a large road that connects towns and cities.
homestead: land that is owned by a settler.
hurricanes: large storms that form in the ocean.
I
identity: how we are shaped by the places we live, the languages we speak, the groups we belong to, where we came from, and how we see ourselves.
independent: the ability to make decisions and act for yourself; accepting responsibility for your actions.
industries: businesses that produce goods or services.
inquiry: an investigation to find answers to questions.
interpretation: what you think something means.
Inuktitut: the language of the Inuit
Iroquois Confederacy: six First Nations peoples make up this alliance; it is one of the world's oldest democratic societies.
irrigation: water supplied to dry land using pipes, ditches, or streams.
L
landforms: the different features of the land, such as mountains, hills, or plains
lines of latitude: imaginary lines that run east and west on a map or globe; the equator is the starting point for measuring these lines.
lines of longitude: imaginary lines that run north and south on a map or blobe; the prime meridian is the starting point for measuring these lines.
logo: a special sign that gives key information.
longhouses: long houses where several related Ouendat or Haudenosaunee families lived
M
magistrate A judge
manufacturing To make or process goods, especially in large quantities and by means of industrial machines
mercantilism An economic system that allowed an imperial country to become rich by selling the resources taken from its colonies
Metis People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry who identify themselves as Métis people. They are distinct from First Nations, Inuit and non- Aboriginal peoples. The Métis history and culture draws on diverse ancestral origins such as Scottish, Irish, French, Ojibway and Cree.
migration movement of people within a country
Multiculturalism government policy designed to promote cultural understanding and harmony in a society made up of people from varied cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds
municipal government Local government
N
natural resource A part of nature that people can use
natural world The land, water, mountains, forests, plants, wildlife, and climate
Ninety-Two Resolutions A widely supported document prepared by the Patriotes in 1834 calling for sweeping governmental reforms
Nor’Wester A North West Company employee
Numbered Treaties A group of 11 treaties signed by the Canadian government and various First Nations living between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains
O
official language The two languages the federal government must, by law, use to serve its citizens
Official Languages Act A law passed in 1969 that restates that French and English are Canada’s official languages at the federal level
old-age pension A social program that provides an income for elderly people
opinion A person’s thoughts or beliefs about something
oral culture A way of life in which language, teachings, and traditional stories are memorized and passed down orally from one generation to the next
P
pacifist A person opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes
Patriotes A group of Canadien radicals led by Louis-Joseph Papineau who wanted governmental reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837
pemmican Dried, shredded buffalo meat mixed with fat and berries
Pemmican Proclamation A government law created in 1814 that banned the Métis from exporting any meat, fish, or vegetables from the Red River settlement
persecuted Subjected to poor treatment because of one’s beliefs
personal identity A complex combination of characteristics that together describe a unique person
Perspective the generally shared pont of view of a group. It can reflect the outlook of people from a cultural group, faith, age category, economic group, and so on.
petroglyph A drawing on a rock recording events or information
pluralistic society A society made up of many different groups of people, each with its own unique identities, ideas, perspectives, and culture; the resulting society has a sense of respect for all cultures
point of view An individual’s personal viewpoint
points system A component of the immigration policy that rated each person who wanted to move to Canada; potential new Canadians received points for their education, skills, age, and wealth
policy A formal plan of action to achieve a specific goal
political persecution Treating a person cruelly because of his or her political beliefs
polling station Location where people vote in an election
population growth An increase in population
portage A path connecting two waterways; carrying boats or goods over land between waterways
primary source image An image of an event created by a witness
private school A school that is funded by parents or guardians through tuition fees
prospector A person who searches for precious metals
protective tariff A tax placed on a product crossing a border
Protestant school A school for Protestant students
Province The major political subdivision within Canada that shares power with the federal government
public health care A social program to provide for the public’s medical needs
public school A school for all students
pull factor A factor that influences people to migrate to a certain country
push factor A factor that pushes people to leave their homelands
Q
quarantine station A building or area where people suspected of carrying a contagious illness are kept so that they will not infect a population
R
Reciprocity Treaty A trade agreement between the United States and Canada by which natural resources could flow both ways across the border free of any import taxes
Red River cart A form of transportation invented by the Métis that hauled goods such as buffalo meat on land and water
The Reds English name for Les Rouges
referendum A public vote on an issue
Reformers A group of radicals in Upper Canada who wanted governmental reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837
refugee A person who flees to a country because he or she can no longer live in safety in his or her own country because of war, torture, famine, or persecution
religion A personal or institutionalized belief system
religious persecution Treating a person cruelly because of his or her religious beliefs
representation by population A system (also referred to as “rep by pop”) in which elected members all represent the same number of people; the greater the number of people, the more power a region has
representative democracy A form of government in which citizens elect people to make decisions for them; the representatives make laws that are in the best interest of the people
reserve A parcel of land that the government agreed to set aside for the exclusive use of a First Nation
residential schools Boarding schools where Aboriginal children were sent and forced to adopt English ways
residual powers In Canada, the legal power over things that no one knew about in 1867
responsible government In Canada, a government (cabinet) that must answer to elected representatives
revolution An event whereby a government is overthrown and replaced with another; a fundamental change in the world
Roman Catholic missionary A Roman Catholic priest who travels for the purpose of religious charity work and promotion of the religion
Les Rouges A group of radical Canadiens in the Canadian Assembly in the 1850s that wanted independence for Québec
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism A group of prominent Canadians appointed in the 1960s by the Canadian government to assess why Francophone and Anglophone Canada did not seem to be getting along; this group concluded that Canada was having a language crisis and that Canada also had to consider the multicultural nature of Canadian society
Rupert’s Land A vast territory named after Prince Rupert, the first head of the Hudson’s Bay Company, consisting of most of what is now Western and Northern Canada
S
secondary source image An image created from memory, imagination, or a pre-existing image
secret ballot A method used in elections whereby an individual citizen’s vote is kept confidential
seigneurial system A social system based on nobles (or seigneurs) who rented land to farmers (or habitants); the habitants had to give seigneurs a portion of their annual crop and pay other fees, and the seigneurs had to build a mill and a church on their land for the farmers
self-government A form of government in which a group is able to make the decisions that affect their lives directly
separate school A public school meant for a particular group, such as Catholic students
settlement pattern The way farms and human dwellings are arranged in a community or region
Seventh Report on Grievances A document prepared by Reformers led by William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada in 1834 requesting governmental reforms from the British
sovereign Self-governing and independent of external powers
Sovereign Council A government with three officials: a governor, an intendant, and a bishop, set up by King Louis XIV to govern the colony of New France
sovereignty Supreme governing authority
stereotype An overgeneralized portrayal of people from one group; stereotypes can reflect people’s prejudices
stockade A wooden barrier of upright posts
strike An organized work stoppage by unionized
employees who want to influence their employer
suburb A residential neighbourhood at a city’s outskirts
suffrage The right to vote
superficial characteristic A noticeable rather than meaningful feature
superpower A country that is more powerful than almost all other countries
T
technology Everything that we use to carry out our tasks; the tools we use and the way we use them
territory In Canada, a major political subdivision that does not have the powers of a province
Three Sisters Haudenosaunee name for corn, beans, and squash
Traditional Teaching A unique belief of the First Nations passed down orally from generation to generation that explains how the earth was created, how people came to exist, or the relationships among the plants, animals, land, people, and the spirit world
traitor One who betrays one’s country, a cause, or a trust
transcontinental railway A railway that extends across a continent
treaty A formal agreement between nations
turning point An event that causes a significant change
U
Underground Railroad A secret network that transported enslaved African American escapees to the British colonies where they could be free
unilingual Use of one language
union An organization that speaks for the workers who belong to it, the purpose of which is to improve the conditions under which people work
United Empire Loyalist An inhabitant of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution and fled to the British North American colonies after 1776
urbanization The process of people moving from the countryside to towns and cities, causing an area to become more urban
V
voyageur A Canadien or Métis employee of the North West Company who paddled back and forth from Montréal to the trading forts in the West
W
world view A way of looking at the world that reflects one’s core values
Y
York boat A boat used by the Métis to transport furs; it replaced the canoe as the main means of transportation on western rivers and lakes